Spondylodesis

Spondylodesis (from Greek spondylos — vertebra and desis — binding, fastening) is a type of reconstructive surgical procedure on the spine. Its main goal is to create conditions for complete bony fusion of two or more adjacent vertebrae, thereby permanently immobilizing the affected segment.

Etiology and pathophysiology

The primary objective of the surgical intervention is to eliminate pathological mobility, which causes severe mechanical pain or poses a threat of physical damage to the spinal cord. The operation artificially stimulates and directs the natural healing process of bone tissue.

During the intervention, the surgeon removes the intervertebral disc or damaged cartilage surfaces of the joints. In their place, a bone graft is placed, or artificial material is used. Titanium screws, sturdy rods, or interbody implants are used for rigid fixation of the vertebrae in the correct position until they are completely fused.

Clinical significance

Spondylodesis represents the final and most reliable stage of treatment for many unstable injuries, including complex cervical fractures, sacral injuries, and severe vertebral displacements. The surgery requires a high level of expertise from a neurosurgeon or orthopedic surgeon.

Despite its proven effectiveness in pain relief and reliable protection of nerve structures, the surgery has long-term consequences. It completely deprives the spine of mobility in the area of surgical intervention. This biomechanically increases the daily load on the adjacent healthy discs, which can lead to their accelerated degenerative wear over the long term.