Periodontal ligament

The periodontal ligament (Latin periodontium) is a complex of dense connective tissue located in the narrow space between the root of the tooth and the bony cavity (alveolus) of the tooth.

The periodontal ligament consists of bundles of collagen fibers, vessels and nerve endings. The complex of the periodontal ligament, gingiva, jaw bone, and root cementum is called the periodontium.

Functions of the periodontal ligament

The periodontal ligament performs supportive/cushioning (holds the tooth in place, distributes chewing load), protective/barrier (protects against microorganisms), trophic (nutrition), regenerative/plastic (tissue repair), and receptor/sensory (nerve impulses to control chewing) functions, ensuring the integrity and functionality of the tooth by connecting it to the bone.

Clinical significance

Inflammation of the periodontal ligament (periodontitis) is often accompanied by swelling, which can make the tooth feel “grown in” and become painful to bite down on. The condition of the periodontal ligament determines the stability of the tooth; its destruction in periodontal disease leads to tooth movement and loss.