Periodontal ligament

The periodontal ligament (Latin: periodontium) is a complex of dense connective tissue located in the narrow space between the root of the tooth and the tooth socket (alveolus).

The periodontal ligament consists of bundles of collagen fibers, blood vessels, and nerve endings. The complex of the periodontal ligament, gums, jawbone, and root cementum is called the periodontium.

Functions of the periodontal ligament

The periodontal ligament performs supportive/shock absorber functions (holds the tooth, distributes masticatory load), protective/barrier functions (protects against microorganisms), trophic (nutrition), regenerative/plastic (tissue restoration), and receptor/sensory functions (nerve impulses for chewing control), ensuring the integrity and functionality of the tooth by connecting it to the bone.

Clinical significance

Inflammation of the periodontal ligament (periodontitis) is often accompanied by swelling, causing the tooth to feel as if it has “grown,” and pain on biting. The condition of the periodontal ligament determines the stability of the tooth; its degradation in periodontal diseases leads to tooth mobility and loss.