{"id":6666,"date":"2026-04-16T13:54:14","date_gmt":"2026-04-16T10:54:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.dev.voka.io\/glossary\/lesion-axonale-diffuse\/"},"modified":"2026-04-28T13:23:06","modified_gmt":"2026-04-28T10:23:06","slug":"lesion-axonale-diffuse","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.dev.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/lesion-axonale-diffuse\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e9sion axonale diffuse"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>La l\u00e9sion axonale diffuse (du latin <em>diffusus<\/em> \u2014 diffus, et du grec <em>axon<\/em> \u2014 axe, prolongement de la cellule nerveuse) est l&rsquo;une des formes les plus s\u00e9v\u00e8res et de mauvais pronostic de traumatisme cr\u00e2nien. <\/p>\n\n<p>Elle se caract\u00e9rise par de multiples d\u00e9chirures microscopiques des fibres nerveuses sur de vastes zones de la substance blanche du cerveau.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-&#x44D;&#x442;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;-&#x438;-&#x43F;&#x430;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x444;&#x438;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;\"><strong>\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>Cette pathologie survient exclusivement lors de traumatismes \u00e0 haute \u00e9nergie avec une acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration ou d\u00e9c\u00e9l\u00e9ration rotationnelle puissante (typique des graves accidents de la route). Avec un tel m\u00e9canisme, les parties du cerveau qui sont moins fix\u00e9es (comme les h\u00e9misph\u00e8res c\u00e9r\u00e9braux) se d\u00e9placent par rapport au tronc c\u00e9r\u00e9bral fixe, entra\u00eenant des l\u00e9sions des voies conductrices au niveau des p\u00e9doncules c\u00e9r\u00e9braux.<\/p>\n\n<p>La diff\u00e9rence physique d&rsquo;inertie provoque un effet de \u00ab ciseaux g\u00e9ants \u00bb qui \u00e9tire, tord et d\u00e9chire m\u00e9caniquement les longs prolongements des neurones (axones) et les petits vaisseaux sanguins. Le processus de destruction ne s&rsquo;arr\u00eate pas au moment de l&rsquo;accident. \u00c0 la suite du traumatisme, les axones endommag\u00e9s mais encore intacts gonflent, leur squelette interne de transport est d\u00e9truit, et ils se d\u00e9tachent finalement de leurs cellules (la soi-disant axotomie secondaire).<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x435;-&#x437;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435;\"><strong>Importance clinique<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>Le tableau clinique classique se caract\u00e9rise par le d\u00e9veloppement imm\u00e9diat d&rsquo;un coma profond et prolong\u00e9 sur le lieu de l&rsquo;incident. Dans ce cas, le patient n&rsquo;a ni h\u00e9matomes intracr\u00e2niens importants ni fractures qui pourraient expliquer la gravit\u00e9 de son \u00e9tat. Durant la phase aigu\u00eb, on observe des sympt\u00f4mes de tronc c\u00e9r\u00e9bral s\u00e9v\u00e8res, une rigidit\u00e9 en d\u00e9c\u00e9r\u00e9bration (extension forc\u00e9e et anormale des membres) et une perturbation du rythme respiratoire.<\/p>\n\n<p>Le diagnostic est complexe : lors de la tomodensitom\u00e9trie initiale, le cerveau peut appara\u00eetre pratiquement normal ou ne pr\u00e9senter que de petites h\u00e9morragies ponctuelles dans le corps calleux. L&rsquo;\u00e9talon-or pour la confirmation du diagnostic est l&rsquo;IRM. Le pronostic est extr\u00eamement s\u00e9rieux : la pathologie entra\u00eene souvent une invalidit\u00e9 profonde, une transition vers un \u00e9tat v\u00e9g\u00e9tatif chronique ou la mort.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La l\u00e9sion axonale diffuse (du latin <em>diffusus<\/em> \u2014 diffus, et du grec <em>axon<\/em> \u2014 axe, prolongement de la cellule nerveuse) est l&rsquo;une des formes les plus s\u00e9v\u00e8res et de mauvais pronostic de traumatisme cr\u00e2nien. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-6666","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v26.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>L\u00e9sion axonale diffuse : d\u00e9finition m\u00e9dicale et description | Voka Wiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La l\u00e9sion axonale diffuse (du latin 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