{"id":6651,"date":"2026-04-16T13:54:11","date_gmt":"2026-04-16T10:54:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.dev.voka.io\/glossary\/craniotomie-decompressive\/"},"modified":"2026-05-04T16:13:56","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T13:13:56","slug":"craniotomie-decompressive","status":"publish","type":"glossary_item","link":"https:\/\/wiki.dev.voka.io\/fr\/glossaire\/craniotomie-decompressive\/","title":{"rendered":"Craniotomie d\u00e9compressive"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>La craniotomie d\u00e9compressive (du latin <em>de-<\/em> \u2014 suppression, <em>compressio<\/em> \u2014 compression et du grec <em>kranion<\/em> \u2014 cr\u00e2ne, <em>ektome<\/em> \u2014 ablation) est une op\u00e9ration neurochirurgicale radicale et vitale. <\/p>\n\n<p>Son essence r\u00e9side dans le retrait d&rsquo;une grande portion de l&rsquo;os de la vo\u00fbte cr\u00e2nienne et l&rsquo;incision de la dure-m\u00e8re pour soulager une pression intracr\u00e2nienne critique.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-&#x44D;&#x442;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;-&#x438;-&#x43F;&#x430;&#x442;&#x43E;&#x444;&#x438;&#x437;&#x438;&#x43E;&#x43B;&#x43E;&#x433;&#x438;&#x44F;\"><strong>\u00c9tiologie et physiopathologie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>La cavit\u00e9 cr\u00e2nienne d&rsquo;un adulte est une structure osseuse rigide et inextensible de volume constant. En cas de traumatisme grave, un \u0153d\u00e8me massif du tissu c\u00e9r\u00e9bral se d\u00e9veloppe ou un h\u00e9matome \u00e9norme se forme. Selon les lois de la physique, l&rsquo;augmentation du volume des tissus dans un espace clos entra\u00eene une augmentation catastrophique de la pression intracr\u00e2nienne.<\/p>\n\n<p>Lorsque les m\u00e9thodes conservatrices (coma m\u00e9dicamenteux, m\u00e9dicaments pour r\u00e9duire l&rsquo;\u0153d\u00e8me) cessent de fonctionner, le cerveau commence \u00e0 se d\u00e9placer vers les ouvertures naturelles du cr\u00e2ne, o\u00f9 se trouve le tronc c\u00e9r\u00e9bral, qui contr\u00f4le la respiration et les battements cardiaques. Pour pr\u00e9venir cette compression fatale, le chirurgien cr\u00e9e artificiellement un espace suppl\u00e9mentaire. En retirant un grand lambeau osseux (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement frontal-pari\u00e9tal-temporal), le m\u00e9decin permet au cerveau \u0153d\u00e9mateux de se d\u00e9placer dans la zone du d\u00e9faut cr\u00e9\u00e9, au-del\u00e0 des contours du cr\u00e2ne, sauvant ainsi les structures du tronc de la traumatisation secondaire. La r\u00e9duction subs\u00e9quente de la PIC conduit \u00e0 la stabilisation de la pression de perfusion et \u00e0 la pr\u00e9vention des changements isch\u00e9miques secondaires des tissus c\u00e9r\u00e9braux.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-&#x43A;&#x43B;&#x438;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x447;&#x435;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x435;-&#x437;&#x43D;&#x430;&#x447;&#x435;&#x43D;&#x438;&#x435;\"><strong>Importance clinique<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>Cette op\u00e9ration est une mesure extr\u00eame r\u00e9alis\u00e9e uniquement pour des indications vitales en l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;effet du traitement conservateur de l&rsquo;HIC. L&rsquo;intervention permet de normaliser rapidement l&rsquo;apport sanguin au cerveau et de r\u00e9duire la pression intracr\u00e2nienne.<\/p>\n\n<p>Le lambeau osseux du patient est temporairement conserv\u00e9 apr\u00e8s le retrait (plac\u00e9 dans une banque de cong\u00e9lation sp\u00e9ciale ou ins\u00e9r\u00e9 sous l&rsquo;apon\u00e9vrose de la r\u00e9gion abdominale du patient). Le cerveau reste prot\u00e9g\u00e9 apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;op\u00e9ration uniquement par un lambeau de tissu mou (le cuir chevelu). Quelques mois plus tard, lorsque l&rsquo;\u0153d\u00e8me s&rsquo;est compl\u00e8tement r\u00e9sorb\u00e9 et que le patient est r\u00e9tabli, une deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9tape de traitement chirurgical est n\u00e9cessaire : la cranioplastie (remise en place de l&rsquo;os ou installation d&rsquo;un implant en titane) pour restaurer l&rsquo;esth\u00e9tique et prot\u00e9ger l&rsquo;organe.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La craniotomie d\u00e9compressive (du latin <em>de-<\/em> \u2014 suppression, <em>compressio<\/em> \u2014 compression et du grec <em>kranion<\/em> \u2014 cr\u00e2ne, <em>ektome<\/em> \u2014 ablation) est une op\u00e9ration neurochirurgicale radicale et vitale. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","class_list":["post-6651","glossary_item","type-glossary_item","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v26.5) - 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