{"id":2150,"date":"2025-12-11T15:05:44","date_gmt":"2025-12-11T12:05:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.dev.voka.io\/diseases\/uncategorized\/bocio\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T12:13:00","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:13:00","slug":"bocio","status":"publish","type":"diseases_post","link":"https:\/\/wiki.dev.voka.io\/es\/enfermedades\/endocrinas\/bocio\/","title":{"rendered":"Bocio: clasificaci\u00f3n, etiolog\u00eda y m\u00e9todos de tratamiento"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><?xml encoding=\"UTF-8\" ?><\/p>\n<p>El bocio es un t\u00e9rmino general que se utiliza para describir las anomal\u00edas de la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides, manifestada por un aumento de su tama\u00f1o y volumen. El volumen de la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides normalmente no supera los 18 cm\u00b3 en mujeres y los 25 cm\u00b3 en hombres. El bocio es entre 4 y 5 veces m\u00e1s com\u00fan en mujeres que en hombres.<\/p>\n<p>El bocio puede ser fisiol\u00f3gico (en la pubertad, el embarazo y los per\u00edodos de lactancia) o patol\u00f3gico. El aumento fisiol\u00f3gico de la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides se debe al aumento de la necesidad del cuerpo de hormonas tiroides, es temporal y, por lo general, no requiere tratamiento.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/862dbbd9-7cc2-476f-9800-793443a3b8a7\/8bbb5608-42e1-4f30-b99c-22a516d26552\/f3507060-bd72-46ce-8028-dc289507f591\/e3d94317-67b0-4808-a3b3-367a078ee5b6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Modelos en 3D<\/a> de diferentes tipos de bocio:<\/p>\n<div class=\"carousel-block\">\n<div class=\"swiper carousel-swiper carousel-swiper-block_69ef714b9834c\">\n<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"swiper-slide image-carousel-slide\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"carousel-image\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/goiter\/diffuse-goiter.webp\" alt=\"Bocio difuso \"><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Bocio difuso <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide image-carousel-slide\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"carousel-image\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/goiter\/nodular-goiter.webp\" alt=\"Bocio nodular\"><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Bocio nodular<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide image-carousel-slide\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"carousel-image\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/goiter\/nodular-goiter-section.webp\" alt=\"Bocio nodular (vista en secci\u00f3n)\"><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Bocio nodular (vista en secci\u00f3n)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide image-carousel-slide\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"carousel-image\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/goiter\/multinodular-goiter.webp\" alt=\"Bocio multinodular\"><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Bocio multinodular<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-slide image-carousel-slide\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"carousel-image\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/goiter\/multinodular-goiter-section.webp\" alt=\"Bocio multinodular (vista en secci\u00f3n)\"><span class=\"small-text-article text-main-text-color\">Bocio multinodular (vista en secci\u00f3n)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-carousel__controls\">\n<div class=\"swiper-article-carousel__pagination-container swiper-article-carousel__pagination-container-block_69ef714b9834c\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"swiper-article-carousel__arrows\"><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev carousel-swiper-button-prev swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--prev carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_69ef714b9834c\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><button class=\"swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next carousel-swiper-button-next swiper__arrow swiper__arrow--next carousel-swiper-button-next-block_69ef714b9834c\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Next slide\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" viewbox=\"0 0 40 40\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M20 3.75C16.7861 3.75 13.6443 4.70305 10.972 6.48862C8.29969 8.27419 6.21689 10.8121 4.98696 13.7814C3.75704 16.7507 3.43524 20.018 4.06225 23.1702C4.68926 26.3224 6.23692 29.2179 8.50952 31.4905C10.7821 33.7631 13.6776 35.3107 16.8298 35.9378C19.982 36.5648 23.2493 36.243 26.2186 35.013C29.1879 33.7831 31.7258 31.7003 33.5114 29.028C35.297 26.3557 36.25 23.2139 36.25 20C36.2455 15.6916 34.5319 11.561 31.4855 8.51454C28.439 5.46806 24.3084 3.75455 20 3.75ZM23.3844 25.3656C23.5005 25.4818 23.5926 25.6196 23.6555 25.7714C23.7184 25.9231 23.7507 26.0858 23.7507 26.25C23.7507 26.4142 23.7184 26.5769 23.6555 26.7286C23.5926 26.8804 23.5005 27.0182 23.3844 27.1344C23.2682 27.2505 23.1304 27.3426 22.9786 27.4055C22.8269 27.4683 22.6643 27.5007 22.5 27.5007C22.3358 27.5007 22.1731 27.4683 22.0214 27.4055C21.8696 27.3426 21.7318 27.2505 21.6156 27.1344L15.3656 20.8844C15.2494 20.7683 15.1572 20.6304 15.0943 20.4787C15.0314 20.3269 14.999 20.1643 14.999 20C14.999 19.8357 15.0314 19.6731 15.0943 19.5213C15.1572 19.3696 15.2494 19.2317 15.3656 19.1156L21.6156 12.8656C21.7318 12.7495 21.8696 12.6574 22.0214 12.5945C22.1731 12.5317 22.3358 12.4993 22.5 12.4993C22.6643 12.4993 22.8269 12.5317 22.9786 12.5945C23.1304 12.6574 23.2682 12.7495 23.3844 12.8656C23.5005 12.9818 23.5926 13.1196 23.6555 13.2714C23.7184 13.4231 23.7507 13.5858 23.7507 13.75C23.7507 13.9142 23.7184 14.0769 23.6555 14.2286C23.5926 14.3804 23.5005 14.5182 23.3844 14.6344L18.0172 20L23.3844 25.3656Z\" fill=\"#B5C0CD\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script defer>\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\n        const imagesCarouselSwiper = new Swiper('.carousel-swiper-block_69ef714b9834c', {\n            slidesPerView: 1,\n            spaceBetween: 20,\n            loop: true,\n            pagination: {\n                el: '.swiper-article-carousel__pagination-container-block_69ef714b9834c',\n                clickable: true,\n            },\n            navigation: {\n                nextEl: '.carousel-swiper-button-next-block_69ef714b9834c',\n                prevEl: '.carousel-swiper-button-prev-block_69ef714b9834c',\n            },\n        })\n    })\n<\/script><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"clasificacion-del-bocio\"><strong>Clasificaci\u00f3n del bocio<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Existen varias clasificaciones de bocio dependiendo de la etiolog\u00eda, epidemiolog\u00eda, anatom\u00eda, as\u00ed como caracter\u00edsticas funcionales o morfol\u00f3gicas.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"por-etiologia-y-epidemiologia\"><strong>Por etiolog\u00eda y epidemiolog\u00eda <\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>El aumento de origen fisiol\u00f3gico<\/strong> se debe al incremento de la necesidad del cuerpo de hormonas tiroideas (pubertad, embarazo y lactancia).<\/li>\n<li><strong>El bocio patol\u00f3gico<\/strong> ocurre como consecuencia de la enfermedad tiroidea.<\/li>\n<li><strong>El bocio end\u00e9mico,<\/strong> dado en una gran poblaci\u00f3n, es causado por la deficiencia de yodo.<\/li>\n<li><strong>El bocio espor\u00e1dico <\/strong>ocurre en regiones no end\u00e9micas.<\/li>\n<li><strong>El bocio familiar (hereditario)<\/strong> es causado por la presencia de un defecto gen\u00e9tico en la s\u00edntesis de la hormona tiroidea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"por-estructura-y-funcion\"><strong>Por estructura y funci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Estructura morfol\u00f3gica:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bocio difuso:<\/strong> la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides se agranda uniformemente.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animacion-3d-bocio-difuso\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/goiter\/diffuse-goiter.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Animaci\u00f3n 3D: bocio difuso<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bocio nodular:<\/strong> el aumento se debe a una masa nodular solitaria.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animacion-3d-bocio-nodular\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/goiter\/nodular-goiter.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Animaci\u00f3n 3D: bocio nodular<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bocio multinodular significa <\/strong>la presencia de m\u00faltiples n\u00f3dulos (2 o m\u00e1s).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animacion-3d-bocio-multinodular\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/en\/endocrinology\/goiter\/multinodular-goiter.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Animaci\u00f3n 3D: bocio multinodular<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Funci\u00f3n:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bocio no t\u00f3xico (bocio eutiroideo):<\/strong> la funci\u00f3n es normal (eutiroidismo) o reducida (hipotiroidismo).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bocio t\u00f3xico:<\/strong> los niveles de hormonas tiroideas est\u00e1n elevados.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anatom\u00eda:<\/strong><strong>bocio simple<\/strong> (en el cuello) o <strong>bocio retroesternal<\/strong> (ubicado debajo de la incisura yugular).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"por-etapa-grados-de-aumento\"><strong>Por etapa (grados de aumento) <\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Etapa 0:<\/strong> la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides no ha aumentado (no hay bocio).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Etapa I:<\/strong> la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides se agranda en la palpaci\u00f3n y el contorno del cuello no se deforma con su posici\u00f3n normal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Etapa II:<\/strong> la ampliaci\u00f3n de la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides es detectada tanto por palpaci\u00f3n como visualmente (el contorno del cuello se deforma con su posici\u00f3n normal).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"etiologia-y-patogenesis-del-bocio\"><strong>Etiolog\u00eda y patog\u00e9nesis del bocio<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"causas\"><strong>Causas<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>La causa m\u00e1s com\u00fan del bocio es la carencia de yodo.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Deficiencia de yodo:<\/strong> una reducida ingesta de yodo aumenta el riesgo de bocio.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Enfermedades de la tiroides:<\/strong> el bocio puede resultar de enfermedades autoinmunes, inflamatorias o tumorales.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anomal\u00edas gen\u00e9ticas:<\/strong> mutaciones en NIS, tiroperoxidasa, DUOX2 y otros genes han sido identificados.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Boci\u00f3genos:<\/strong> administraci\u00f3n de drogas (litio, amiodarona) y alimentos (col, sorgo).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Otros factores:<\/strong> exposici\u00f3n a radiaci\u00f3n ionizante, resistencia a la insulina y s\u00edndrome metab\u00f3lico.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"patogenesis\"><strong>Patog\u00e9nesis<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>El bocio es una respuesta adaptativa<\/strong> de las c\u00e9lulas foliculares de la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides a un proceso que bloquea la producci\u00f3n de hormonas tiroides.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mecanismo:<\/strong> la deficiencia de yodo provoca una disminuci\u00f3n de la producci\u00f3n de hormonas. En respuesta, la hip\u00f3fisis aumenta la secreci\u00f3n de TSH.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Resultado:<\/strong> niveles elevados de TSH llevan a la estimulaci\u00f3n de c\u00e9lulas foliculares, hiperplasia tiroidea y formaci\u00f3n de bocio.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"presentacion-clinica-y-sintomas-del-bocio\"><strong>Presentaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica y s\u00edntomas del bocio<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>La presentaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica del bocio se debe a dos s\u00edndromes: el s\u00edndrome de compresi\u00f3n de \u00f3rganos y tejidos circundantes debido al aumento del tama\u00f1o de la gl\u00e1ndula y el s\u00edndrome de disfunci\u00f3n endocrina. La gran mayor\u00eda de los pacientes son eutiroideos y no presenta alteraciones.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sindrome-de-compresion\"><strong>S\u00edndrome de compresi\u00f3n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Incluye s\u00edntomas como la fiebre persistente y una sensaci\u00f3n de atasco en la garganta, el deterioro de la fonaci\u00f3n, la disfagia, el aumento de la disnea y la deformaci\u00f3n del contorno del cuello. Dado que el volumen de la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides normalmente aumenta lentamente, estos s\u00edntomas se desarrollan gradualmente y los pacientes no tienen quejas durante mucho tiempo.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sindrome-de-disfuncion-endocrina\"><strong>S\u00edndrome de disfunci\u00f3n endocrina <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Las manifestaciones cl\u00ednicas se deben al desarrollo de hipo o hipertiroidismo. La gran mayor\u00eda de los pacientes son eutiroideos y no presenta alteraciones.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hipotiroidismo (bocio no t\u00f3xico):<\/strong> r\u00e1pida fatiga, letargo, apat\u00eda, somnolencia, labilidad emocional, u\u00f1as y cabello quebradizos, piel seca, hinchaz\u00f3n, aumento del peso corporal, disminuci\u00f3n de la libido, menstruaci\u00f3n irregular en las mujeres.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hipertiroidismo (bocio t\u00f3xico):<\/strong> taquicardia, arritmias, disminuci\u00f3n del peso del cuerpo con aumento del apetito, labilidad emocional, aumento del sudor y temblores de las manos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"diagnostico-y-tratamiento-del-bocio\"><strong>Diagn\u00f3stico y tratamiento del bocio<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"metodos-de-diagnostico\"><strong>M\u00e9todos de diagn\u00f3stico<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Anamnesis <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Son importantes hechos tales como residir en \u00e1reas end\u00e9micas en deficiencia de yodo, la exposici\u00f3n previa a radiaciones ionizantes, la historia hereditaria y la toma de medicamentos que afectan a la funci\u00f3n tiroides.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Examen y palpaci\u00f3n <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Permiten evaluar el tama\u00f1o de la gl\u00e1ndula. En un examen, los pacientes con bocio en la etapa II tendr\u00e1n un contorno de cuello deformado en su posici\u00f3n normal, as\u00ed como la piel generalmente de color normal.<\/p>\n<p>En la palpaci\u00f3n, la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides est\u00e1 aumentada de tama\u00f1o, tiene consistencia el\u00e1stica y es indolora y m\u00f3vil en relaci\u00f3n con los tejidos circundantes.<\/p>\n<p>En el caso de bocio nodular\/multinodular, en la palpaci\u00f3n del tejido tiroideo detectan masas simples o m\u00faltiples de forma redonda, el\u00e1sticas e indoloras.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Diagn\u00f3stico de laboratorio<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Determinaci\u00f3n de los niveles de la hormona tiroidea en suero (T3, T4, T3 libre, T4 libre, TSH, TG, TPOAb, TTHAb y TGAb).<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ecograf\u00eda <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Es el m\u00e9todo principal para la imagenolog\u00eda de la tiroides. Permite evaluar la ubicaci\u00f3n, el tama\u00f1o del \u00f3rgano y la presencia de patolog\u00eda nodal. <\/p>\n<p>El Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) se utiliza actualmente para evaluar las masas nodales.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f-\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f-ti-rads-nbsp\"><strong>Clasificaci\u00f3n de ecograf\u00eda (TI-RADS) <\/strong><\/h4>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table table-to-cards\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>TI-RADS<\/strong><\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Riesgo de malignidad, %<\/strong><\/th>\n<th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Descripci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>TI-RADS 1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Sin patolog\u00eda nodal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>TI-RADS 2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">N\u00f3dulo coloide de tipos I, II, III<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>TI-RADS 3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">< 5<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">N\u00f3dulos hiper, iso o hipoec\u00f3icos con c\u00e1psula parcialmente formada (pseudo n\u00f3dulos de Hashimoto)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>TI-RADS 4a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5 \u2013 10<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">N\u00f3dulo h\u00edper, iso o hipoec\u00f3ico s\u00f3lido o mixto con c\u00e1psula fina con o sin calcificaciones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>TI-RADS 4b<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">10 \u2013 80<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">N\u00f3dulo hipo, iso o hiperc\u00f3ico con contorno irregular, sin un borde claro, con par\u00e9nquima normal, con presencia de microcalcificaciones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>TI-RADS 5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">> 80<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">N\u00f3dulo iso o hipoec\u00f3ico, sin c\u00e1psula, con m\u00faltiples calcificaciones y con vascularizaci\u00f3n aumentada<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>TI-RADS 6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">100<\/td>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">N\u00f3dulo maligno confirmado previamente por los resultados de la biopsia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<ol start=\"5\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Visualizaci\u00f3n adicional<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>El TC\/RM y la escintigraf\u00eda se utilizan como m\u00e9todos de clarificaci\u00f3n y diagn\u00f3stico funcional.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Biopsia por aspiraci\u00f3n de aguja fina (FNA)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Se utiliza para el diagn\u00f3stico diferencial de <strong>masas nodales<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Se realiza bajo control ecogr\u00e1fico. El procedimiento no requiere preparaci\u00f3n y anestesia especiales.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Complicaciones:<\/strong> hematoma subcut\u00e1neo, dolor e inflamaci\u00f3n local. Son poco frecuentes, no suelen requerir tratamiento y desaparecen por s\u00ed solas en unos pocos d\u00edas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"diagnostico-diferencial\"><strong>Diagn\u00f3stico diferencial<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Se realiza con linfoma, c\u00e1nceres tiroides, adenoma paratiroideo, quiste mediano del cuello, malformaciones vasculares, abceso y linfadenopat\u00eda. El diagn\u00f3stico se realiza con la ayuda de la ecograf\u00eda, TC, RM y biopsia FNA seguida de un examen citol\u00f3gico del punctato.<\/p>\n<div class=\"social-banner-block\">\n<div class=\"social-banner-content\">\n<p class=\"h5-title text-black\">Encuentra m\u00e1s contenido cient\u00edficamente preciso en nuestras redes sociales<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"social-banner-text text-grey\">Suscr\u00edbete y no te pierdas los \u00faltimos recursos<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"social-links-wrapper\"><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/VOKA3DAnatomyAndPathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/facebook.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/voka.io\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/insta.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/voka-io\/posts\/?feedView=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/linkedin.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@vokaio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/youtube.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/voka3danatomyandpathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/pinterest.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@voka.io\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/tiktok.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/discord.gg\/7ejUpq8DRR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/discord.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"social-banner-image\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/social-media-banner-mobile-image.webp\" alt=\"Banner background\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tratamiento-y-prognosis\"><strong>Tratamiento y prognosis<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bocio no t\u00f3xico (etapa I):<\/strong> en eutiroidismo y ausencia de quejas no requiere tratamiento, pero s\u00ed observaci\u00f3n anual obligatoria mediante ecograf\u00eda y evaluaci\u00f3n del estado del tiroides.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hipotiroidismo:<\/strong> est\u00e1 indicada una terapia de reemplazo hormonal con levotiroxina s\u00f3dica. La dosis se selecciona individualmente y se ajusta bajo el control de los niveles de TSH y T4 libre.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bocio en etapa II \/ s\u00edndrome de compresi\u00f3n:<\/strong> generalmente requiere un tratamiento quir\u00fargico.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tratamiento quir\u00fargico:<\/strong> indicado para bocio nodular y multinodular (hemitiroidectom\u00eda o tiroidectom\u00eda).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Complicaciones quir\u00fargicas:<\/strong> hemorragia, infecci\u00f3n, da\u00f1o del nervio lar\u00edngeo (disfonia, estenosis), da\u00f1o de la gl\u00e1ndula paratiroidea (hipoparatiroidismo).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Prognosis:<\/strong> la prognosis en pacientes con formas de bocio difuso y nodular es favorable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<h2 class=\"faq-title h2-article\" id=\"faq\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<div class=\"faq-section\">\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">1. \u00bfQu\u00e9 es bocio en palabras simples?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">El bocio es un aumento en el volumen del tiroides por encima del tama\u00f1o normal (m\u00e1s de 18 cm\u00b3 en mujeres y 25 cm\u00b3 en hombres).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">2. \u00bfEl bocio coloide puede convertirse en c\u00e1ncer?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">El bocio coloide se considera un fen\u00f3meno benigno. El riesgo de desarrollar c\u00e1ncer de tiroides en pacientes de bocio coloide es inferior al 5 %. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">3. \u00bfCu\u00e1les son los riesgos de la enfermedad de Graves (GD)?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">La enfermedad de Graves (GD) es peligrosa porque puede provocar hipertiroidismo, lo que puede dar lugar a complicaciones graves, como trastornos del ritmo card\u00edaco, insuficiencia card\u00edaca y crisis tiroidea (tormenta tiroidea).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">4. \u00bfC\u00f3mo tratar el bocio en mujeres si los niveles hormonales son normales (eutiroidismo)?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">El bocio eutiroideo en etapa I sin s\u00edntomas no requiere tratamiento, pero debe ser controlado. Si el bocio es nodular o causa s\u00edndrome de compresi\u00f3n, puede ser necesario un tratamiento quir\u00fargico.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">5. \u00bfQu\u00e9 es el bocio nodular en etapa I y qu\u00e9 significa TI-RADS?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">El bocio nodular en etapa I significa que el paciente tiene una masa nodular con un peque\u00f1o grado de agrandamiento de la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides. Seg\u00fan TI-RADS, los n\u00f3dulos pueden clasificarse como de bajo o alto riesgo de malignidad.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">6. \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 es el bocio m\u00e1s frecuente en las mujeres?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">El bocio es entre 4 y 5 veces m\u00e1s frecuente en mujeres que en hombres, lo que se debe a factores hormonales (embarazo, lactancia), as\u00ed como a una mayor prevalencia de enfermedades tiroideas autoinmunes en la poblaci\u00f3n femenina.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-block sources-list-hidden\" id=\"bibliografia\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-content\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-title\">\n<p class=\"small-text-bold text-black sources-list-title-text\">Bibliograf\u00eda<\/p>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper-mobile\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-items\">\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">1.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>VOKA 3D Anatomy & Pathology \u2013 Atlas 3D completo de anatom\u00eda y patolog\u00eda [Complete Anatomy and Pathology 3D Atlas] [Internet]. VOKA 3D Anatomy & Pathology. <\/cite><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">Disponible en: https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">2.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Can AS, Rehman A. Goiter [Internet]. StatPearls \u2013 NCBI Bookshelf. 2023. <\/cite><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">Disponible en: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK562161\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">3.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial de la Salud. Goitre as a determinant of the prevalence and severity of iodine deficiency disorders in populations. [Internet]. <\/cite><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">Disponible en: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/93690705-d99e-4818-bb83-ac69a1679575\/content<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial de la Salud. People in the WHO European Region at greater risk of iodine deficiency due to changing diets. [Internet]. <\/cite><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">Disponible en: https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news\/item\/28-06-2024-people-in-the-who-european-region-at-greater-risk-of-iodine-deficiency-due-to-changing-diets.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">5.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\"><cite>Novosad SV, Rogova MO, Martirosyan NS, Petunina NA. Modern prognostic models for thyroid cancer risk stratification. Doctor.Ru. 2016;8(125):52-56. [En ruso]. <\/cite><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El bocio es un t\u00e9rmino general que se utiliza para describir las anomal\u00edas de la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides, manifestada por un aumento de su tama\u00f1o y volumen. El volumen de la gl\u00e1ndula tiroides normalmente no supera los 18 cm\u00b3 en mujeres y los 25 cm\u00b3 en hombres. El bocio es entre 4 y 5 veces m\u00e1s [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"template":"","diseases_category":[320],"class_list":["post-2150","diseases_post","type-diseases_post","status-publish","hentry","diseases_category-endocrinas"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v26.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Bocio: causas, clasificaci\u00f3n y tratamiento<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bocio - Gu\u00eda completa: clasificaci\u00f3n (nodular, difuso), s\u00edntomas, causas y tratamientos actuales para el bocio.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bocio: clasificaci\u00f3n, etiolog\u00eda y m\u00e9todos de tratamiento\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bocio - 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